Management By Objectives :: Business Management Studies

The executives By Objectives MBO Principles: * Cascading of hierarchical objectives and goals. * Specific targets for every part. * Participative dynamic. * Explicit timeframe. * Performance assessment and input. Sorts of targets: * Routine goals. * Innovation goals. * Improvement goals. The goal must be: o Focused on an outcome, not an action. o Consistent. o Specific. o Measurable. o Related to time. o Attainable. MBO technique has three essential parts: 1. All people inside an association are doled out a unique set of goals that they attempt to reach during a typical working enough said. These goals are commonly set and settled upon by people and their administrators. 2. Execution surveys are led intermittently to decide how close people are to achieving their goals. 3. Prizes are given to people based on how close they come to arriving at their objectives. MBO has six phases: 1. Characterize corporate targets at wide level. 2. Examine the board errands and devise formal employment particulars, which allot obligations and choices to person supervisors. 3. Set execution guidelines. 4. Concur and set explicit targets. 5. Adjust singular focuses to corporate targets. 6. Build up an administration data framework to screen accomplishments against destinations. The 8 key outcome zones where chiefs must seek after clear goals are: Â · Marketing. Â · Innovation. Â · Human association. Â · Financial assets. Â · Physical assets. Â · Productivity. Â · Social obligation. Â · Profit necessity. MBO Key Advantages and Disadvantages: Favorable circumstances o MBO programs constantly underline what ought to be done in an association to accomplish hierarchical objectives. o MBO process ties down representative pledge to accomplishing hierarchical objectives. Drawbacks o The improvement of destinations can be tedious, leaving both directors and representatives less time in which to accomplish their real work. o The expand composed objectives, cautious correspondence of objectives, and point by point execution assessment required in a MBO program increment the volume of desk work in an association. Overseeing for Results: The Eight Perceptions: Â · Resources and results exist outside, not inside, the business.

Credit Agricole and BP

PARIS (AFP) †French bank Credit Agricole, one of the greatest European banks by capitalisation, revealed a multiplying of net benefit to 1. 0 billion euros ($1. 42 billion) in the main quarter, on Friday. The cost of offers in the bank indicated an addition of 1. 40 percent to 11. 23 euros in a market up 0. 57 percent in general. The result, denoting an expansion of 112 percent from the outcome a year back, was in accordance with normal assessments of experts as surveyed by Dow Jones Newswires. At CM-CIC Securities, investigator Pierre Chedeville remarked: â€Å"The bunch is demonstrating its fundamental qualities once more: working effectiveness and a fantastic control of charges, extremely wary strategy for provisioning, and financing and venture exercises consistent. † Bank CEO Jean-Paul Chifflet said that Credit Agricole's immediate introduction to Greek obligation was 631 million euros toward the finish of March. Credit Agricole is one of only a handful not many remote banks to control a Greek bank, as Emporiki bank. Organization History: France's â€Å"green bank† was nicknamed for its foundations in agribusiness. Credit Agricole, made out of the Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole and 90 territorial banks, which together own 90% of the Caisse Nationale, is a special helpful association and one of the most significant financial gatherings in France. In the mid-1800s, it turned out to be certain that there was a requirement for rural credit in France, particularly after a yield disappointment in 1856, which left rustic zones in desperate waterways. One of the fundamental driver of low creation was an absence of adequate credit for ranchers, who frequently couldn't meet banks' ordinary credit prerequisites. In 1861, the administration endeavored to cure this issue, asking Credit Foncier to set up an office explicitly for agribusiness. In any case, the recently framed Societe de Credit Agricole achieved close to nothing. By 1866, however a few stages towards progress had been recommended, the episode of the Franco-Prussian War forestalled their usage. The general public collapsed in 1876. Afterward, a few money related cooperatives jumped up autonomously among ranchers, working in country towns on an arrangement of common credit. In 1885, the main society for agrarian credit was established at Salins-les-Bains in the Jura; the greatest measure of credit a rancher could get was FFr500, the cost of a burden of bulls. Before the century's over, when talk of modernizing France's horticultural economy turned out to be progressively dire, it was concluded that this arrangement of confined credit was more reasonable for the rustic populace than credit exuding from a major national bank. In 1894, the Chamber of Deputies proposed a law to sort out close to home or transient rustic credit, in light of the strategies for the little credit social orders as of now in presence. The law formalized the necessities for the social orders' arrangement, made them excluded from charges, and gave them a syndication on state-sponsored advances to ranchers. In 1897, the Bank of France made subsidizes accessible to the banks through the clergyman of horticulture, and in 1899, a law was passed to make territorial banks to go about as middle people between the neighborhood social orders and the priest of agribusiness. The neighborhood cooperatives were self-administering social orders with restricted obligation. Their individuals were for the most part singular ranchers. Every neighborhood agreeable was associated with a territorial bank, where it moved all stores and got assets for advances. The neighborhood banks chose an advisory group for control the territorial banks, which were for the most part liable for medium-and long haul advances. In this manner, the chain of importance of Credit Agricole was set up. One reason Credit Agricole was so effective was its dependence on singular ranchers. In the mid-1800s the majority of France's horticultural produce originated from little homesteads as opposed to huge homes, and the French government needed to safeguard the little family ranch for a few social and monetary reasons. For example, it was broadly accepted that little ranchers developed the dirt most seriously thus utilized it. It was likewise thought to be smarter to have numerous little family cultivates than to make a â€Å"proletariat† to chip away at enormous homesteads. By the by, France's agrarian strategies needed modernization, and Credit Agricole helped little ranchers purchase new hardware and supplies to improve creation. In 1910, a law set up long haul individual credit for the acquisition of land to urge youngsters to cultivate. Just little possessions could procure these advances, which couldn't surpass $1,600, and just youthful ranchers were qualified; their characters were the reason for their credit. At the point when World War I broke out in 1914, the European financial framework was under extreme coercion because of challenges with the gold trade. Be that as it may, gold was still available for use in France and the Bank of France had the option to build its issue of notes, reestablishing some monetary request. All through the war, agrarian creation was at least, and Credit Agricole, still a youthful establishment, had the option to endure just through proceeded with help from the legislature. Agrarian yield didn't recover its prewar level until 1930. In 1920, a law was passed to arrange the workplace National du Credit Agricole, a national society run by government workers and the chosen agents of the local banks yet constrained by the governmentâ€the priest of agribusiness would name its chief. Office National du Credit Agricole additionally got answerable for the conveyance of treasury advance assets and for rediscounting the momentary advances of neighborhood and local social orders. In 1926, the name was changed to Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole (CNCA). As Credit Agricole developed in assets and limit, it started to support singular ranchers as well as the helpful exchange development making progress among horticultural gatherings. These new horticultural cooperatives, which sorted out businesses in a path like associations, could regularly not collect the cash to compose, and they required Credit Agricole's help. Thusly, the cooperatives helped France's recuperation after the war. World War II hurt farming not exactly the primary war had, and after the war, there was a time of quick development, prodded on by Credit Agricole's advances. Somewhere in the range of 1941 and 1945, under the Vichy government, a Bank Control Commission was built up and endeavors were made to forestall the formation of new banks or branches. After 1945, be that as it may, the Bank of France and the other primary banks were nationalized. A chain of command was conceived, with the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of France at the top, enabling the legislature to influence the conveyance of credit. In this sense, it won considerably more capacity to help further Credit Agricole. After the war, horticulture experienced a gigantic modernization plan. Credit Agricole had a significant impact by providing capital for manure, gear, jolt, and improved water supplies. Since farming credit was sponsored by the legislature, and because of the nature of Credit Agricole's decentralized business organize, agrarian foundations had the most fast development pace of the considerable number of banks. Somewhere in the range of 1938 and 1946, the capital assets of the provincial social orders expanded from FFr1. billion to FFr28 billion. Credit Agricole expanded its medium-and long haul advance tasks and the administration built up extraordinary advances for ranch gear, causing a major increment in the quantity of ranchers driving tractors. Financing for little ranches proceeded; as late as 1958, cooperatives were preferred over huge homesteads. In any case, France's ranch efficiency was beneath that of most other European nations, and some accused the low profitability in part for the credit points of interest given to little homesteads, which kept rivalry under control. Profit didn't improve and the business stayed reliant on advances. About this time, the administration started to apply severe loaning roofs to the entire monetary framework to limit the cash gracefully and hold down swelling. This drove numerous banks to enhance into abroad business and the Eurodollar showcase. A blast in French fares likewise made an interest for French financial ability in the fare markets. Credit Agricole, be that as it may, kept down from the start from universal development, while developing quickly with the French economy. In 1966, the state chose to permit Credit Agricole to extend its activities to turn out to be more adaptable than a bank carefully for ranchers. Under the new change, Credit Agricole was permitted to make advances to people and associations not explicitly associated with agribusiness. It was likewise permitted to make auxiliaries. One of the most significant auxiliaries it made was the Union d'Etudes et d'Investissements, which utilized its assets to back individual speculations. In 1967, the legislature declared that all assets gathered by Credit Agricole's local and nearby banks, recently saved in the French Treasury, would now be kept with the Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole. In 1971, the Union d'Etudes et d'Investissements, with an eye on significant improvements in the food preparing business, made another auxiliary, L'Union pour le Developpement Regional, which was mostly to give advances to agrarian and food handling ventures or other comparable activities in areas where they would make employments. In July of the following year, the pastor of account, Giscard d'Estaing, cautioned Credit Agricole about its enhancement, bringing up that its motivation must remain essentially farming and its exercises balance budgetary and social benefit, a repetitive political topic in Credit Agricole's turn of events. Other enormous banks whined about Credit Agricole's imposing business model on ranch credit and its tax-exempt status, which had permitted it to develop into probably the biggest bank in France, while those worried about homestead help stressed that the bank's motivation would be diffused. Pundits accused Credit Agricole's development for the other banks' inactivity and government officials' hesitance to assault Credit Agricole because of a paranoid fear of losin

Summer Reflections 2010 Post #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer Reflections 2010 Post #8 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog John Hughes just graduated from SIPA and during his second year of study worked in our office.   He is spending the better part of the summer in the office to assist with projects and help fill in for a staff member on maternity leave.   John is set up for a job in Washington, D.C. and will be moving there in August (our second largest alumni network in the world is in D.C if you were interested). I asked John to reflect a bit on his experience as a SIPA student and contribute to the blog over the summer.   This is entry #8. ___________________________ One thing I love about New York is the amazing variety of food you can find here.   As a disclaimer my wife and I actually cook quite a bit and only eat out occasionally.   That said, here are a few places I checked out over the last two years that you may just enjoy: 1)      PIZZAâ€"New York is known for its pizza, and you more or less can’t go wrong with a slice from virtually any place you come across (unfortunately, the pizza places in Morningside Heights are an exception to this).   However, if you want really good pizza I’d recommend checking out Lucali in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn.   This little place is tucked away in the edges of this neighborhood, a good bit from the closest subway and off the beaten track.   Making the trip is absolutely worth it, however.   The owners post whatever ingredients they have available each day, and diners are free to choose from these ingredients to top either a pizza or Calzone.   The pizza is hands down the best I’ve had in New York, and the place is BYOB. 2)      MEXICANâ€"Having spent a number of years living in California and a summer in central Texas, I’ve tried hard to find a place in New York that serves good Cali-Mexican or Tex-Mex food.   Unfortunately, this is one cuisine that New York does not excel in.   Luckily, there are a few places to get your fill:   Taqueria Y Fonda, at 108th and Amsterdam, serves very solid tacos and tortas.   I’d especially recommend the Al Pastor taco.   Stay away from the burritos, however.   If you are craving a burrito, the closest I’ve found to California is at Dos Toros in Union Square.   The place claims to make San Franciso style burritos, and come reasonably close in validating this claim.   For good sit-down Mexican (actual Mexican) I’d recommend Papatzul in Soho.   Very good stuff.   Finally, on the weekends in good weather there are people selling real Mexican and central American food from food stands at the Red Hook Ball Fields in Brooklyn.   This place is a hike if you don’t live in Brooklyn, but the food is worth it. 3)      INDIANâ€"Indian Café, at 108th and Broadway, serves very good Indian and is within walking (or delivery) distance of Columbia.   I’m pretty sure that New York has great Indian places all over, but this has been my go to place. 4)      MALAYSIANâ€"Nyonya in Little Italy.   This place seems out of place in a neighborhood marked by an ever-shrinking Italian presence that is being overtaken by an ever-expanding Chinese presence.   However, the food is spot on and very authentic.   Very cheap, too. 5)      VIETNAMESEâ€"Banh Mi Saigon, also in Little Italy, has amazing Vietnamese sandwiches.   Plus, the enormous said sandwich only costs about $4. 6)      ITALIANâ€"Though the restaurants above are worth making the trip to Little Italy for, I’d stay away from the Italian restaurants here.   Most are overly touristy and overpriced.   For real Italian travel to the Belmont section of the Bronx, just outside of Fordham University.   Roberto’s, on Arthur Avenue, is absolutely amazing.   It’s not cheap, but I had one of the best Italian meals I have ever had in my entire life.   This place was better than anything I’ve had in Boston’s North End, and held its own with the best meals I had in Italy, too. 7)      UYGHUR FOODâ€"While living in China I became a huge fan of Uyghur food, the Turkik Muslim minority in China’s northwest Xinjiang region.   These guys set up stands all over China selling the most amazing lamb, naan and hand-drawn noodles.   From what I understand there are only three Uyghur restaurants in the United States, and all three are here in New York.   I’ve only made it to one, unfortunately, but it was very good.   It’s called Café Arzu, and is in Rego Park, Queens.   The restaurant (like the other two I believe) is actually a combination of Uyghur/Uzbek/Bukharian food.   As such, it wasn’t quite the same as the Uyghur food I had in China, but very good and cheap nonetheless. 8)      THAI FOODâ€"Room Service, in Chelsea, has the best Pad Thai I’ve had outside of Thailand.   It’s even wrapped inside of an omelette, just like I saw a few times in Thailand.   Their other thai food is quite tasty as well.   This place is not super cheap, but not expensive either. 9)      BURGERâ€"If you’re looking for a good burger in Morningside Heights I’d recommend the burger at Vareli, a new wine bar/restaurant that just opened on Broadway.   The burger is only $9, and is quite good.   The Shake Shack on the Upper West Side and the Corner Bistro in the West Village are also strong contenders. 10)      CHINESEâ€"Columbia Cottage, just down the road from school, is a sneaky name for what is actually a Chinese restaurant.   The food is pretty good, not stellar, but definitely worth it for your Chinese fix.   If you want more authentic Chinese I’d recommend skipping Chinatown in Manhattan and going straight to the Chinatown in Flushing, Queens.   I don’t recall the name of the restaurant I ate at there, but from what I understand you can’t really go wrong for cheap, really good, authentic Chinese food. 11)      Cubanâ€"I’d recommend skipping the food at Havana Central by school (though the drinks are pretty good), and instead heading downtown for your Cuban fix.   Café Cortadito in the West Village is stellar, as is Café Cubano in Nolita and its sister restaurant, Habana Outpost, in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. 12)      Brazilianâ€"Esperanto, in the East Village, is very, very good.   I highly recommend the Moqueca Bahiana. The restaurants/cuisines I’ve listed here represent an amazingly tiny fraction of what New York has to offer.   You can literally find food here from every corner of the world, though you have to be willing to go out and find it.   Explore neighborhoods outside of Manhattan and you will sometimes feel like you are in a different country.   The food variety is the embodiment of the amazing global culture that defines New York.   This city is international like no other (except London, perhaps).   I can’t think of a better place to study international affairs.

The Essential Guide For Victims Of Domestic Violence

The Essential Guide for Victims of Domestic Violence Why Did We Write This Guide? In the United States, nearly 20 people per minute are physically abused by a domestic partner. One-third of all women and one-quarter of all men have been the victims of physical violence at the hands of a partner. These statistics do not take into account other forms of abuse, such as mental and emotional abuse that both men and women suffer on a daily basis from those who profess to love them. In addition, domestic violence is one of the most underreported crimes with only 25 percent of physical assaults, 20 percent of rapes and 50 percent of all stalking cases reported to police. Statistics indicate that a woman will be assaulted by an abusive partner 35†¦show more content†¦In addition, it will provide information to those who suspect a friend or loved one is in an abusive relationship on how to help that person recognize that they are being abused and guide them on the steps to take to get away from the abuser. What Exactly is Domestic Violence? Domestic violence is defined by the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence as †the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern of power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another.† Domestic violence varies as far as frequency and severity, but the common denominator in all forms of domestic violence is that one partner consistently tries to exert power and control over another. In most cases, domestic violence begins subtly, intensifying over time. It may begin with possessiveness or unwarranted jealousy, followed by profuse apologies for an angry outburst but eventually lead to physical violence, threats or public humiliation. How to Use This Guide Each chapter will focus no specific aspects of domestic abuse, first explaining the signs of abuse and the different types of abuse that may exist. The guide will explain who may become victims of domestic abuse and the progression that often occurs when a partner is abusive. Finally, the guide will explain steps for getting out of an abusive

Cultural Diversity A Core Value At Tccc Essay - 1375 Words

4.1 Methodology To reinforce company values by being actively involved and creating strong relationships in the community is a core value at TCCC. To ensure new candidates embody similar values, the company should scout for key traits that support its community-focused corporate culture during the recruitment process. For TCCC, the definition of global diversity should encompass an understanding of the differences between cultures and foster internal diversity. Support from top management and clearly communicating the business requirements for diversity and inclusion practices are also important. 4.2 Best Practices Leadership Commitment Diversity begins at the top and because of this it is important that the leadership of Coca Cola is committed to embracing, celebrating, and empowering diversity in order to get the rest of the organization aligned with embracing it as well. When we say leaders it includes corporate, middle management, and lower supervisory positions because one department or manager can’t change a culture on their own. Diversity must first be infused in the core values of the organization and this is where leadership commitment begins. It is important to connect and tailor diversity goals and initiatives to overall organizational strategy, mission, vision, and goals. Leaders can start by attending diversity seminars so they will be enlightened more on how to create a work culture that’s inclusive and diverse. Secondly, they can established a teamShow MoreRelatedCoca Cola Economic Position Paper3352 Words   |  14 Pagesjuices and juice drinks, teas, coffees, sports drinks, and energy drinks† (The Coca Cola System, 2010). The core philosophy for the bottling of each product is on building local relationships with customers and communities and is the foundation for growth (History of Bottling, 2010). The mission of Coca Cola is â€Å"To refresh the world, to inspire moments of optimism and happiness, and to create value and make a difference† (Coca Cola, 2010) Market of the Coca Cola Corporation The Coca Cola Corporation

Madame Bovary (Roy’s Analysis) Free Essays

string(163) " women much older then he was and who was very unattractive, but when he gets in a relationship with Emma Bovary, he starts to disregard his mother’s decisions\." Genroy Hylton It is in human nature to indulge in acts that gratify our emotion. Psychologists and evolutionary theologist teach that the heart can convince the brain, but the inverse is not true for the brain. That means people will most likely do what makes them feel good and not what is the best for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Madame Bovary (Roy’s Analysis) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the novel Madame Bovary the author Gustave Flaubert uses literary devices such as symbolism to express the idea that pleasure inhibits the progress of human aspiration. The first instance of pleasure inhibiting progress is in chapter one. Charles Bovary the main character is doing some intense studying for his medical practice exams. The author states, on page ten, that Monsieur Bovary â€Å"breaks all good resolutions† and starts to go to cafes to play dominoes. The Arthur states that Monsieur Bovary starts to [lose his mind] over the game. Monsieur Bovary quickly loses his sensible self value, evidenced by the fact that he starts â€Å"spending evening †¦ in a dirty public room. The Arthur further goes to express his low self esteem for Monsieur Bovary at this point by metaphorically comparing the game of dominoes to a simple clicking of dotted sheep bones on a marble table. The specific form of pleasure, Monsieur Bovary is getting from his irresponsible actions, is the same of freedom. Throughout Monsieur Bovary’s life he has been subjected to follow under the authority of his parents. His farther always tried to push him to be aggressive, assertive, and strong willed. This can be deduced from the belief the farther has, which is â€Å"with enough nerve a man could always get a head in the world. † which can be found on page seven. The farther also attempts to â€Å"harden his child’s constitution†, with â€Å"strict-discipline†. This actually works to further put young Monsieur Bovary into a submissive role. When a child is forced to follow a strict set of rules and is not allowed to challenge the principle but instead obey them without an understanding of why he should obey them, the child will make it routine to submit himself to the authority of others and even repress his own desires. The mother further encourages young Monsieur’s to be submissive by forcing her personal interests on him, such as, singing and to listen to her on poor frustrated ambitions†. Young Monsieur Bovary does not want to listen to his mothers past sorrows, which he can not help cure, but he is forced to suppress his desires to her higher authority. The result of this is that young Monsieur Bovary will not create his own aspirations and follow the lead of who ever is willing to lead him, and in this case its his mother. She decides the path that young Bovary should take in medical school, and he obeys without a murmur because of the depression that has manifested between him and that has manifested between him and his mother over time. Being deprived of the opportunity to develop his own sense of self for such a long period makes it understandable that Monsieur Charles Bovary would get enraptured to the point of ecstasy by his newly found freedom. The experience was so intense for him, the experience of making his own choices, that the author states, Monsieur Bovary would feel a â€Å"pleasure that was almost sensual† just by touching the door knob to a cafe. It is at the cafe that Monsieur Bovary opens himself up to the desires of his heart. He indulges in the freedom that he could not experience in the past because of his parent’s authority. With his freedom, he ventures to learn a few verses of songs to sing at social events with friends and how to make punch. The simplistic nature of what he can only be comprehended by noting that his true pleasure comes from the fact that he chooses to engage in those activities. No one told him to. It was a choice that he made and he could only blame himself for the consequence of the actions that he has committed. He gained confidence in his ability to make choices, good or bad. Just the fact that he has the power to control some element of his life gives him a new sense of life. But sadly, energy is neither created nor destroyed; it is simply transferred from one party to the next. This statement relates Monsieur Bovary’s new sense of life in the sense that it does not come without sacrifice and that in order for him to be able to enjoy it in this life, death must occur in the other. Monsieur Bovary had a very important test that he had to take in order to be able to practice medicine. With the time he should have been using to prepare himself for the test, Monsieur Bovary spent that time enjoying himself at the cafe, doing what was described in the previous paragraph. Instead of using his mind and preparing himself for his exam, he was enslaved by the desires of his heart and enjoyed the pleasures of freedom. When he came to take the test, he found that he completely failed it and could not practice medicine. Not until Monsieur Bovary realized the effect of the consequence of his indulgence in pleasure, is he able to begin thinking with his mind. Not until he has to face the authority of his life, his parents, does he humble his desires for freedom. After he faces his mother with the news that he failed the medical exam, he begins to reason with himself and studied â€Å"ceaselessly†. He retook the test and past. The second example is Monsieur Bovary getting pleasure from Madame Bovary and it inhibits his ability to address the disrespect she shows toward him. Monsieur Bovary grew up with profound respect for his parents, especially his mother. He obeyed his mother when she told him to marry women much older then he was and who was very unattractive, but when he gets in a relationship with Emma Bovary, he starts to disregard his mother’s decisions. You read "Madame Bovary (Roy’s Analysis)" in category "Papers" When the mother came to visit the newly wed couple, young Madame Bovary and she would get into arguments, described in chapter seven page forty. Monsieur Bovary would just watch his wife blatantly disrespect his mother by not humbling herself. He does not even try intercede and correct his wife’s behavior, because, as the Arthur states, â€Å"his [pleasure from] his wife is boundless†. If it still unclear that pleasure is a blinding force, the author states that â€Å" Emma seemed to his perfect, â€Å" even thought his â€Å" perfect† Emma dishonors him by not stinting herself when in the presence of his mother. The pleasure that he gets from young Madame Bovary distorts his logical to the extent that he begins to disregard the words of his mother because they are contrary to the words of wife instead of the inverse. Entering part then of the book, Madame Bovary becomes attached to the presence of a young man Leon. It is clear that she wanted to have an affair with him. When he leaves Madame Bovary is struck with despair and increases in her hostilities. Madame Bovary is clueless to why she has progressed to such an ill state, and when he tries to console her and find out what’s wrong she shrugs and disrespectfully states â€Å"what of it? He is so enrapture by pleasure that he gets just from having Madame Bovary as his wife that he fears to do anything that might jeopardize their relationship he it slave to his desired, and, because had not conquered his desires, as all adults must, he regresses to child like behavior, evidenced in the text when it states that offer Madame Bovary br ushes his sentient behavior away, he â€Å"shut himself in his consulting room †¦. Put his elbows on the table and wept. † He weeps like a child who does not know what to do and like a child writes a note to his mother. Monsieur Bovary still had problems heeding to any advice his mother would give to him because it all supported the idea that Madame Bovary lays a loaner; and monsieur Bovary could not agree to anything that would conflict with the image he has of his wife as â€Å"perfect†. This is farm pleasure is the pleasure of outside acceptance. The term outside acceptance someone ability to be accepted by someone who is not biologically related, and therefore, has to accept them. This form of pleasure is farther enhance by Madame Bovary‘s beauty. When a man falls to this kind of pleasure his development as a man is inhibited. The third example of pleasure inhibiting progress is Madame Bovary constantly seeks pleasure fro men other the husband. This inhibits her ability to from a health relationship between her husband and her child. Madame Bovary has become foolish because of her pleasures. She married to a husband who is deeply in love with her and is considered to be one of the top physicians. She is willing to risk her relationship by going out with strange men when she knows nothing about and can do nothing for her, but see so willingly buy them expensive gifts. Rudolph, one her mistresses, states that most of the gift she gives he does not accept simply because he had no heed. Madame Bovary would continue to push and give gifts to these strange men even though they risk driving her and her husbands businesses into dept. Gustave Flaubert is a French novelist. His works consists of psychological analysis, the individual and the society, and realism. Flaubert was born in December 12, 1821 at a hospital his farther was a physician at. Flaubert has an older brother and a younger sister. They lived in a house connected to the hospital. As Flaubert begins his artistic career, he is heavily influenced by a French writer named Honore de Balzec. They both practice aesthetic to bring beauty to their stories. It was also the first book he got published and brought him the attention of the literary world. Flaubert’s works include A Sentimental Education (1869), a novel dealing again with the theme of the frustrations of middle-class life and human aspirations and The Temptation of St. Anthony (1874), a series of religious tableaux. In 1877, he published Three Tales, which contains short stories, â€Å"A Simple Heart,† â€Å"The Legend of St. Julian the Hospitalier,† and â€Å"Herodias. † Flaubert’s play, The Candidate, failed after a few performances in 1874, and his last novel, Bouvard and Pechuhet, which was unfinished on his death, was published in 1881. Gustave’s sister died during childbirth when Flaubert was twenty-four. She left behind her daughter Caroline Hamard, who was raised by Gustave and his mother. His mother would live with him until his fiftieth year. As an adolescent of fifteen, Flaubert fell in love with an older married woman, Elisa Schlesinger, and remembered her ever after as a pure and innocent love. The young man was sent to Paris, France, to study law. He had easy access to prostitutes, and this led to venereal disease from which he never recovered. In 1845 Flaubert had his first attack of temporal-lobe epilepsy. He was crippled by his seizures, which were terrifying for him and reappeared at intervals throughout his life. In 1846 he had to face the deaths of his father and his beloved sister. Flaubert decided to quit his legal studies, since any emotional excitement brought on an attack of his epilepsy. He felt he must become an observer of life and not a participant in it, so he devoted himself only to his writing. Gustave Flaubert was crippled by syphilis and his rapidly declining health. Two weeks before his death, he told his niece Caroline, â€Å"Sometimes I think I’m liquefying like an old Camembert. † On 8 May, 1880, Flaubert died from brain hemorrhage. Works Cited â€Å"Flaubert, Epilepsy. Famous People Who Suffered from Epilepsy: Gustave Flaubert. † Flaubert, Epilepsy. Famous People Who Suffered from Epilepsy: Gustave Flaubert. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. Flaubert, Gustave, and Claudine Gothot-Mersch. Madame Bovary. Paris: Garnier, 1971. Print. â€Å"World Biography. † Gustave Flaubert Biography. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. How to cite Madame Bovary (Roy’s Analysis), Papers

Different Ways of Communicating free essay sample

This is essay is going to be based on the importance of communication within the broader context of health and social care, it will give you a definitive insight to different communication techniques, such as verbal and non-verbal communication. Within this essay I will also discuss how important effective communication can be and the barriers that can restrict the care practitioner from doing his/her job effectively by using communication as the main tool. Furthermore how personal beliefs and values need to be taken in to consideration and the effect it may have on a service user in the light of working professionally. According to Julia scherba de Valenzuela, Ph. D (1992) communication is Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. In a health and social care setting it is important for the care practitioners to use therapeutic communication skills in the light of working professionally. A therapeutic relationship is more patient focussed, purposeful and time limited where carers come to know a patient as a unique individual that is why it is important for carers to use therapeutic communication. Theraputic communication is purposeful form of conversation, serving a point of human contact between the carer and the client allowing them to reach common health related goals. † Jones(1998) Therapeutic communication is a more formally based communication it is usually taken place in a health or social care enviroment such as a doctors surgery or in a counsellors clinic it is usually a conversation based upon reaching a certain outcome. On the other hand therapeutic communication differs to social communication, as social communication can be very basic, it may not serve a common related goal, the language used can be informal, the environment atmosphere and setting is not important, body language and posture can be very casual and relaxed, social communication differs to therapeutic communication as it can be used in everyday situations and is used a lot more than therapeutic communication, it can be seen as a lot easier for people to have a social communication ather than a therapeutic communication as it may not be possible to reach an outcome or objective in social communication settings as a lot of the key communication techniques such as eye contact, correct posture, verbal and non verbal nods, these techniques may not be used in a social conversation, only very simple and what can be seen as unconscious communication techniques may be used in a social conversation. Communication between care practicioners involves more then verbal information exchange, communication can be altered by changes in pitch of voice and use of accompanying facial expressions or gestures, other techniques used of communication used in a health and social care setting are verbal, non verbal, para verbal. Verbal communication is when words and symbol are used to share experiences with each other, verbal communication is used in a health and social care setting to gather information and to transmit information from care practitioner to the service user it involves having good listning skills and assertiveness, as when two people misinterpret a meaning of verbal communication miscommunication occurs. Miscommunication can be more damaging then a lack of communication especially in a health and social care setting for example if a client was to misterpret what a GP had said to him such as instructions for medications etc. The Care practicioner should communicate in language that the client understands meaning avoid using medical terms as this may be a language the client is un familiar with. Non verbal communication is messages we send out to express ideas or opinions without talking. This might be through the use of body language, facial expressions, gestures tone of voice, touch or contact signs this can be done intentionally or unintentionally. It is very important to be able to recognise what a persons body language is saying especially as a Health and Social care practitioner as incorrect interpretation of communication can lead to miscommunication. Gerad Egan (2004) created an acronym to describe good non verbal communication â€Å"S. O. L. E. R this stands for S- sit squarly O – open posture L – lean slightly forward E – Eye contact R- Relax. † It is vital to use ‘Egan’s’ techniques by care practicioners as it is a key aspect of communication, it is important to apply these functions especially in a thereaputic conversation as it shows effective communication and confidence as a professional body. It is important for professionals to be able to make good use of para verbal communication. Para verbal communication Is made of verbal and non verbal communication it reinforces non verbal communication in communicating attitudes feelings and social statuses . It is based upon the aspects of speaking such as tone of voice and volume, it also accompanies non verbal listing such as face expressions, gestures and non verbal nods. According to direction service. org(2011) Professor mehrabian states â€Å"A sentence can convey entirely different meanings depending on the emphasis on words and the tone of voice. It is vital health and social care professionals to use para verbal skills effectively as if not then it could easily result the exchange of information and being incorrect which could lead to problems such as lack of trust and little understanding and loss of respect. For example if a speaker is trying to convey a certain message but uses the wrong atone and volume in their speech, then that same message may be perceived as something different to the listener. As part of this essay it was required to watch a few videos based upon communication, one of the videos was regarding a client that has been called to the Job centre plus to discuss a letter that has been received, that she has been working and claiming benefits. The advisor shows no social communication skills, he does not introduce him self nor does he build a relationship with the client but jumps straight into conversation this created a unfriendly and cold atmosphere. In this video it shows a lack of effective communication by the advisor. The reasons for this is, he has not used key communication techniques such as non verbal communication, as he does not show positive facial expressions through out the video such as smiling laughter, he makes little eye contact and does not use gestures such as hand and head movements. This gives out the impression that the advisor lacks confidence. In the beginning of the video it shows a lack of effective verbal communication, when the advisor asks if she received the letter that was sent out to her, she is un aware of the letter and the reason why she is here. The advisor then asks if she has been doing some work the client repeats him and says â€Å"work? What Work? † the client has to clarify what the advisor is saying as she is unsure this shows little understanding from the behalf of the client as the advisor is not clear and precise about the situation. Throughout the video the advisor has a monotone this showed negative para verbal skills coming from the advisor and he came across very rude which lead to lack of respect and trust from the client when she requests to look at her own notes if he had changed the tone of his voice and volume of his speech the client may have respected his decisions. There are many barriers that link to effective communication and would contribute to the outcome of the conversation not being achieved such as physical barriers, it the video the conversation takes place in a small confined room with poor lighting and items scattered in the room this can be distracting. Personal thoughts and feelings can also be a barrier to effective communication, in the video it shows how the client is being acused of benefit fraud, the client displays different emotions like, anger, confusion, humility, this could lead to client feeling intimidated. According to www. marin. edu/buscom â€Å"recognising barriers to effective communication is a first step in improving communication style† In a health and social care setting, professionals will be in contact with people from different backgrounds religions, religions, race which means they will have personal values. They will have certain beliefs which they count as more important. Therefore as professionals it is important this is recognised as the service user may find certain things offensive. It is important to use para verbal skills very well like being empathetic to someone from a different back ground may actually make the client feel as though the professional is not respecting there personal values for example personal contact from the opposite sex like touching a persons hand to show sympathy can be against other peoples beliefs.

Benefits of Action Research

Introduction to Action Research Action research is an additional form of professional development that focuses on methods applied by teachers in efforts to improve learning. It is done through collaboration with the community, teachers, and students. In involves classroom-based inquiries on various topics relevant to the stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Action Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through action research, teachers are allowed to make decisions for the good of all students. Research findings have it that teachers are affected by research carried on them by other people. It affects their morale, leading to a decline in the academic performance of students. It is also noted that giving students too much power leaves most teachers with little or no control over classroom activities. The development is harmful as it negatively affects the performance of the students. Givin g teachers the power to design and implement their research work improves the overall performance of the students (Ros Meyer, 2002). The current essay revolves around action research in the school setting. The author will highlight some of the benefits of action research, in addition to the barriers encountered in implementing the strategy. The author will also pose various questions with regard to action research. Benefits of Action Research Action research is beneficial to both students and teachers. The various benefits of this phenomenon include professional development. Such a development results from collaborative action work. Action research also improves the culture adopted in the school. To this end, different research methodologies are applied to bring about change and development in education. Engagement in the classroom improves personal and professional values of the teachers, including their self esteem, self-efficacy, and collegiality.Advertising Looking for ess ay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another advantage of action research is empowerment of teachers. In this case, teachers are given the power to make and implement their decisions. The powers to conduct classroom inquiries and those concerned with day-to-day running of the school are vested on the teachers. The empowerment improves their working knowledge and status, which are essential to the success of the students. The teachers plan, organize, and nurture relationships in the school. The teachers improve their professionalism by engaging in curriculum conversations (Ros Meyer, 2002). Action research fosters development of skills pertaining to critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, and ethical decision making. Teachers are required to adopt teaching practices that are beneficial to their students. The teachers hypothesize and test the practices they think are best suited to the career needs of their st udents. Action research enhances the status of the teachers through collective participation. Teachers who participate in action research and who share their findings with stakeholders are respected. The expertise gained from research turns teachers into advocates for those practices that can improve and promote students’ learning. Their discoveries are adopted by other teachers to improve learning. By sharing new ideas, teachers learn from each other. They become more connected and broaden their perspective. Teachers become more involved in issues affecting their school and students. They begin to view themselves as responsible leaders with a voice and duty of contributing to school matters. Action research promotes the development of a community of learners. It enhances the development of educational leaders and top-notch researchers. The entire community benefits from these leaders since they learn from each other (Ros Meyer, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Action Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Limitations of Action Research Action research has numerous barriers. The barriers hinder data collection, participation, and analysis of findings. It increases anxiety among teachers. Many teachers are intimidated by the language and unethical ways of thinking used by researchers. Teachers may be isolated by researchers since they perceive them as critical thinkers and analyzers of essential facts. The differential status adopted by some researchers also limits action research. Many teachers perceive this aspect as a tool tailored to ridicule their activities. Lack of ownership is another setback in action research. Students review only those articles that serve their own interests. They fail to review articles of less interest, hindering action research. There are also institutional issues that negatively affect action research. Action research is perceived as an asset for opening up the school activities to the outsiders. Based on the sensitivity of the research, administrators paralyze any activity that can open their administration to criticism (Shuiman, 2005). Advantages of Classroom-Based Inquiries Conducting classroom-based inquiries facilitates improvement through change. Participation in classroom inquiries generates commitment. The increased commitment is vital in improving students’ achievement. Classroom inquiry also develops teachers’ professional experiences, allowing them to take responsibility for their growth (Lang, 2004). Three Action Research Questions Questions for teachers engaged in action research originate from their classrooms. They come as a result of uncertainties, conflict of ideas, and the desire to learn. Teachers use a variety of research questions to investigate the use and adoption of technology by their students. Before framing research questions, a research plan must be developed to capt ure such details as the purpose of the research, need for innovation, and the subjects to be covered (Cousin, 2000). Following are three action research questions:Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What is the impact of using computer-based instrumentation in science classrooms? What is the effect of using database in classrooms? What is the impact of computer technology on students’ motivation? Application of Participatory Action Research Approach to Create a Universally Designed Inclusive High School Science Course: A Case Study The main question for the case study was: â€Å"Do all students acquire uniform education?’’. The study was aimed at analyzing the learning problems faced by the disabled students. The participants included one unified science general education teacher and two unified science special education co-teachers. The study involved students with and without disabilities. Data was collected using interviews, review of documents, and focus group discussion for one year. The data was quantified using a constant comparative method and later analyzed (Cousin, 2000). Conclusion Action research is a vital tool in identifying the challenges affecting students, teachers, and communities in general. It must be encouraged to improve and mentor the future career of the students. With improved information and communication technology, it is possible to reduce educational challenges and, as a result, improve the performance of both students and teachers. Though action research is affected by many factors, patience and tolerance must be embraced to enhance its success. References Cousin, G. (2000). Action research. Web. Lang, F. (2004). The dynamics of school-based learning in initial teacher education. Research Papers in Education, 19(2), 185-204. Ros, H., Meyer, A. (2002). Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. Alexandria, VA: The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Shuiman, L. (2005). Opening lines: Approaches to the scholarship of teaching and learning. Web. Zaaba, Z. (2009). Science and technology education in English: A case study of language policy in Malaysia. Ku ala Lumpur: The International Conference on the Social Science and Humanities (ICOSH). This essay on Benefits of Action Research was written and submitted by user Mayson Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Holocaust in Film essays

The Holocaust in Film essays Films greatly enhance and enrich our understanding of the Holocaust. Besides serving the obvious function of scribing history, film adds a third dimension of understanding that we as humans are programmed to understand and relate to better. Being able to see the looks on the Nazi faces as they try to squirm their way out of an uncomfortable question clearly gives you a better sense of understanding about their mockery of the holocaust. You could read that Hitler was an evil man, but until you see his face, and the way people seemingly worshipped him during the holocaust, your imagination is left to wonder; and ultimately, importance is taken away from the catastrophe of the Holocaust. Film puts you there, in the situation, painting a scene so vivid that you can become emotionally attached. Also, film allows you to catch clues that you may not have otherwise seen. In the film Genocide, we saw the German commanders being interviewed after the holocaust. You could tell that they w ere lying, because during dishonest statements they would literally smile. The third dimension of film and emotional appeal can not be understated. Its because of this reason, that film has a greater effect on most people than text, or other avenues of research. One example of increased effectiveness is the film Shtetl that we viewed in class. Shtetl was one mans journey back to Poland in order to figure out exactly how the holocaust happened, and what happened to his Jewish relatives and the Shtetl (small town in Yiddish) they lived in. Through this film, it became evident that even today there are varying degrees of anti-Semitism in the places (more specifically, Poland), where the German invaders were ousted. A lesson should have been learned in these places that suffered great hardship and atrocity, but in this video we saw that many people still held hatred towards the Jews. Anti-Semitic behavior...

Marketing comm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing comm - Essay Example entire spirit.The report discusses HP’s failures in its conservative management and how ESS has stepped in to launch a good strategic marketing campaign.All these changes are evaluated through the Business Scorecard analysis.The report then evaluates the truth in the future concerns of ESS and whether they can and if so how they should survive.It is concluded that this can only be done if ESS thinks fast to save itself or chooses to immerse and disappear in HP’s ocean of conservative management. The primary reference for this report is a Case Study(2000) prepared by the Stanford University pertaining HP’s interal marketing strategies involves the identification of its internal customer support processes. Assess the extent to which internal factors support the externally facing processes. This should include an identification of the organisation’s current relationship marketing strategies.The study explores how based on this analysis, and on customer buying processes, the organisation can achieve improvements in either their internal or external processes The concept behind e-services is there’s a particular task, asset, or capability that you want to gain access to, that now can be made available to you over the Net, because it’s now being created as an Internet service. This report pertains to the current business position of Hewlett Packard (HP),its current business problems and the way ahead for this business organisation.My first impression at the outset of ESS (E-Services Solution)group is to point out that this venture may be a successful at the outset given the period 1999 until 2000 but it has all the ingredients of becoming a victim of its own success and potentially damaging the work culture of HP with the so called aim of â€Å"infecting† the entire spirit.(see Case Study 2000).I would reach such a bleak conclusion for many reasons which I will discuss below but the pith and substance of my analysis as a management consultant is that

Logistics and Supply Chain Management at Wal-Mart Coursework

Logistics and Supply Chain Management at Wal-Mart - Coursework Example Wal-Mart is known for its price leadership strategy and strives to provide customers with quality products and services at the cheapest possible price which is in tune with its famous strategy of ‘Every Day Low Price’ (Popularly referred as EDLP). The strategy of low price is in turn aligned with Sam Walton’s strategy of helping people save money. Wal-Mart presently provides goods at the cheapest possible price and has positioned itself as a price leader in the mind of the customers.Against the backdrop of this bold positioning strategy lies an efficient and technology-driven logistics management which has provided the firm with advantages like cost reduction to an extent that it is able to provide the best quality products at the cheapest price in the market. Logistics form the USP of Wal-Mart. Its supply chain initiatives involving the latest technology like RFID, cross-docking aided by an efficient integration of all its business processes using Enterprise Reso urce Planning have created benchmarks for the company. The efficiency of logistics management of the firm could be analyzed from the fact that its logistics management model has become the benchmark in the global retail and logistics industry. The distribution centers of Wal-Mart which are the backbone of its supply chain management strategy are considered to be the most advanced technologically. Presently Wal-Mart has more than 40 regional centers for distribution with each center spreading over one million square feet on an average.

Reviewing The Psychological Effects Of Teenage Pregnancy Psychology Essay

Reviewing The Psychological Effects Of Teenage Pregnancy Psychology Essay On my journey to find a piece of art for my term paper, I was excited because this was the first time I had gone to the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) and I felt it was going to be a experience to last a lifetime. I wanted to pick a painting that was attractive but rather in depth. As I walked through MOMA, I had seen several paintings that I can choose but I decided to check one more floor and came across, Girl before a Mirror illustrated by Pablo Picasso (1932). This piece of art was rather fascinating and interesting due to the image of a young pregnant woman possibly viewing herself from past to future. After this, many ideas came to mind, such as the problem we have with teenage pregnancy and how pregnancy can affect a sense of identity, self-esteem, social relationship and education To me, Girl before a Mirror painted in the year 1932, shows a young pregnant girl confronting herself in a mirror. As the girl looks in the mirror one can see both her as a young pregnant girl and as a mature woman who will be soon transforming into a mother. This clearly symbolizes moments of sacrificing the image of one self, which may cause a significant loss of a sense of identity. On the left side of the mirror, there is a reflection of a young girl who is confused and worried. Her face is youthful looking, eyes round and narrow, and her pregnant body is developing rapidly. On the right side of the mirror, one can see a supernatural x-ray of the girls soul, her future, and her fate. Her face appears darkened, eyes round and hollow, and her pregnant body is twisted, as she looks older and more anxious. Pablo Picasso was born in Marlage, in the Southern Spain, on October 25, 1881.Was Pablo Picasso a famous painter? Yes, A naturally gifted draftsman, Born into an artistic family it is said that Pablo could draw before he could talk. (Mason, P.5) Picasso father was a painter and art teacher who taught and encouraged him. Picasso an attractive and unpredictable artist mastered realist early in his life, then moved to classical paintings and on to abstract painting. Impressionism was a name given to a group of artist including Picasso as he tried to evoke a scene by using quick brushstrokes. This was the breaking up of colors into bright dots. In fact, Picasso interest only included what the emotions of a painting would convey. Even though, he died on April 8, 1973, Picasso was one of few artists to be appreciated and celebrated during his lifetime. Girl before a Mirror, a masterpiece of color and design indicated Picasso was also capable of succeeding Surrealist. Surrealist included work that was inspired by dreams and imagination. The interest was realm of fantasy rather than reality. Picasso posed a golden-haired young woman, which is a portrait of his new love, the twenty-year-old Marie- Therese. She considers her reflection, a dark distorted and altogether sinister. The Byzantine richness of the patterned background and the continuous moving lines of the ovoid shapes reinforced a modern revival of the ancient; however, the exact meaning of the painting remains enigmatic. (Jacobus Wheler, P.300) Using this as my inspiration, I decided to examine the factors involved in teenage pregnancy, especially some of the psychological factors implicated in becoming pregnant at an early age. Furthermore, I will attempt to identify issues related to self-esteem, identity, and self-worth among young mothers and how these factors play a r ole in their psychological adjustments to motherhood. Teenage pregnancy is very common all over the world but, the United States have the highest pregnancy and births among adolescents. (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.153) Teenagers who reside in communities with higher rates of poverty and raised in poverty by single parents are more prone to teenage parenthood. There are also large differences among teenagers of different racial and ethnic groups. According to literature review done by Coley and Lansdale, (1998), studies show that white teens have lower rates of teenage births than Hispanics and African Americans (P.152). As more African Americans become more upwardly mobile, the rates of teenage pregnancy appear to decline. For example, in the last two decades, the rates of teenage pregnancy among African Americans have decreased, while the rates among Latino populations have increased. Pregnancy is a major life transition requiring changes, challenges, and adaptation of many kinds. According to researchers, parenthood continuous demands and responsibilities leaves little or no time for most teen concern; such as, peer relations, dating, academics and career choices. (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.155) F or instance, the image of the young girl in Girl before a Mirror expresses the psychological effect of teenage pregnancy, which is the loss of identity resulting in the consequences of developing low self-esteem. Sense of Identity Identity refers to the sense of ones self or a unique character over a period of time. A strong sense of self is dependent on early relationships, gender differences and support that allow adolescents to develop their own unique identity. The teenage years can be full of turmoil and changes that can have a detrimental affect on girls. According to the literature review done by Coley Lansdale, (1998) studies show that teenagers faced with setting and determining their sense of identity on their own while learning independence from their parents(P.155). This simply indicates that while learning to cope with changes, they must also be concerned with self-image. At this stage many teenagers try to find out: (1) who they are; (2) what they are about, their interest and personalities; and (3) where they are going, in order to discover their place in life. Negative thoughts about ones body can interfere with the development of other attributes. As one look at the young girl portrayed in th e painting, one can notice her pregnant body appearing twisted, perhaps reflecting some elements of her identity being threatened. The dramatic physical changes that happen during teenage pregnancy- such as, weight gain, breast enlargement and swollen of the body, generally makes a pregnant teen feel anything but, at home in ones body. Body image is a prime concern during adolescent years and is only part of a persons identity. In most cases the lack of physical attractiveness affects social relationships and the way one perceive oneself innermost , ones sincerity, intelligence and personality. Adolescents are also confronted with career choices, romantic entanglements and responsibilities that are new experiences in which they make decisions or adjustments to attain their own identity or success. Meanwhile, they are entering a new phase of role requirements creating a turning point of new directions for changes and adaptations; such as the plan to have a baby, pregnancy, childbirth , and care for the baby. According to researchers, earlier findings show that parenting is one of the womans key development tasks and considered to be an important part of an individual current and expected future identities. (Aro, Nurmi, Halmesmaki, 2000 P.180) In other words, because humans are essentially social beings, we are most concerned about how we fit in and measure up. Self- Esteem Low self-esteem among young mothers lead to many problems while they suffer from lack of confidence and hopelessness. Self- esteem refers to self-worth, self-respect, and how one regards or feels about one self. Simply, its ones feeling about various convictions of one self as a capable, competent person who have worth. A feeling of worth means having self-respect, which comes as a result of living up to ones own standard of values. Its how much one value oneself, how important one thinks he or she is, how one see one self and how one feel about ones accomplishments. The symptoms of low self -esteem vary for every teen. Some teens may feel constant tiredness, melancholy, sleep problems and lack of concentration. These symptoms if not noticed can lead to acute depression or various emotional and physical disorders. In fact, most teenage girls who are pregnant find it hard to face reality; that they are worthy and an important person who deserves to feel good every day in their lives a nd one of the factors which maybe keeping them from enjoying the gift of becoming a mother is their self-confidence and self-respect. Social Relationship During adolescents, relationships are very important and they need to be provided with supportive roles. According to researchers, partners may also be at risk for interpersonal problems while experiencing psychological problems connected to adolescent pregnancy. (Moore and Florsheim, 2001, P.101) This emphasizes that expectant adolescent may experience inter-personal difficulties between motherhood and their partners. The interpersonal and social functioning is important simply because parenting is fundamentally a social process. The emotional adjustment to losing a chapter in life can be difficult to make. Among young mothers who desperately want to be a mom will have to adapt to the change in their social relationship. Most parents would have to give up going to parties and dreaming about their futures. Indeed, once these opportunities are missed, they maybe gone for good. This includes having no free time to see friends. It is important to study expectant adolescent couples preci sely because their relationships appear to be at high risk for dysfunction and dissolution which indicates that many teenage mothers and their partners break right up before or shortly after giving birth. (Moore Florsheim, 2001, P.102) One of the reasons for this maybe young mothers are faced with the loss of social relationship while missing out on childhood and arduous and engaging in tedious unpleasant responsibilities of parenthood. Motherhood put tremendous demand upon the time, energy, emotions, and demands on teens, for which they are not prepared. Surely, early parent hood is a response to limited social interactions and relationships, in those who choose to have children at a relatively young age. To sum up, young adolescents continue to exhibit deficits in social relationship disturbances. Education Career Choice Early parenthood also has an effect on adolescents education. The young mothers are forced to discontinue education after birth. This significantly decreases the individual chances for obtaining a general equivalency diploma (GED). According to researchers, studies have shown that if teenage mothers stay in school, they are almost likely to graduate from high school (73%) as their non-parent peers (77%). (Coley Lansdale, P.155, 1998) However, a GED may result in a lower return of future earnings than future earnings with a high-school diploma. The young mothers who lack education are limited to a handful of career choices since jobs require at least a high-school diploma or some college experience. On the other hand, dropping out of high- school is a strong risk factor for early pregnancy and few will return back to school and possibly graduating. This problem causes a concern to the mother as well as the developing baby because of limitations of education and limitations of income. The consequences of education attainment direct a major concern of poverty. Those families with childhood poverty are likely to receive welfare funding during their life course. Overall, 53% of welfare funding is spent on families formed by teenage birth (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.153). This brings us back to the young girl who is who is more likely to face education attainment and poverty as a result of pregnancy. According to researchers, the perceived cost of early motherhood is from life experiences linked to poverty including isolation of school, unemployment and unmarried parenthood and lack of education and career opportunities. (Coley Lansdale, 1998, P.153) Conclusion Teenage pregnancy is a problem that continuously occurs in the United States and other countries, despite the pregnancy reduction programs that are available. In fact, among the teenagers who become parents; also, lack knowledge of the consequences that may occur from their irresponsible sexual behavior. However, Pablo Picasso; painting Girl before a Mirror (1932) was very inspiring for me to learn more about the social, psychological, and economic factors involved in getting pregnant. Economics play an important role in teenage pregnancy and is a major concern. Mainly poor income and education leave an individual at risk of remaining in poverty. The social factors that contribute include social relationships as well as peer relationships that may be dysfunctional with the chance of ending before and after birth. In the meanwhile, studies clearly suggest that pregnancy fully requires a psychological adaptation on the physical and mental health which appears to influence the health of the developing baby. On the other hand, it is not only one factor that is responsible for the reason why many teenagers are pregnant and becoming pregnant. I believe that more research should be dedicated to what can be used to stop teenage pregnancy and information about some programs that have been tried out and examined for its effectiveness. There is also a need to encourage the use of contraceptions so that many teenagers wont contract H.I.V, A.I.D.S, and sexual transmitted diseases.

Product Life Cycle of Nutri-Grain Essay

* The brand was first introduced in the United States in 1991 for a breakfast cereal bars consisting of fruit filling covered in a crust without added sugar. * There were four varieties initially (rye, corn, barley and wheat); later these were reduced to corn and wheat * There are various Nutri-Grain Bars made from the breakfast cereal bonded together, available in the markets where the cereal is available. The bars became popular in the 1990s as an â€Å"on-the-go† food. * In the United States the Nutri-Grain Bar name is used for the soft golden baked crust breakfast bars made with wheat, whole-grain, and oats. Product Development Nutri-Grain was developed in 1980 by Kellogg’s Company which was already successful in making cereal that people enjoyed. Kellogg’s wanted to produce a on to go cereal breakfast bar that was healthy and was filling. Introduction Nutri-Grain was launched in 1997 and was instantly a hit among the middle class population who had little time to spare and need food on the go. It gained almost 50% of share of the growing cereal bar market in just two years. In just 1997 they had sold about 4,000 tons of cereal bars. In 1997 they made of a soft crust with a fruit filling inside. They were popular amongst both adults and children. Nutri-Grain was advertised on T.V, magazines and newspapers Growth During the growth stage, Nutri- Grains sales climbed rapidly as more people overseas became aware of the product. The product became very popular in Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. The growth and profit was short lived as sales started to die out. The product looked like it was going into decline without even going into the maturity stage. The growth stage lasted for a year in 1999 Maturity In 2000 Kellogg’s decided to increase profits and bring back the sales that they were starting to lose. They introduced a new type of cereal bar called Twists which were essentially 2 small soft bakes with different flavors twisted into one bar. This worked because the sales rose again, this lasted for about for another year

Bhopal Gas Tragedy and Its Ethical Issues Essay

SUMMARY Bhopal Gas Tragedy was a gas leak incident in India, considered one of the world’s worst industrial catastrophes. It occurred on the night of the last year of 1984 at the Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation (Union Carbide India Limited – UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. A leak of methyl isocyanides gas and other chemicals from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. It also causes environmental issues such as pollution of soil and water. The gas leak in India was caused by bad maintenance and failure of several safety systems to cut off the expenses. HISTORY Bhopal is a city in central India with population of 800,000 people in 1984. At that time, home to the largest mosque in India, Bhopal was a major railway junction. Its main industries consisted of manufacturing heavy electrical equipment, weaving and printing cotton cloth, and milling flour. In 1969, American Union Carbide Corporation, a company headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut, reached an agreement with the Indian government for the construction of a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. Union Carbide would hold a 51 percent interest in the plant through its share of ownership of an Indian subsidiary of American Union Carbide. The agreement was seen as a win–win situation. India would have the plant and its jobs as well as the production of produce pesticides, a product needed badly by Indian farmers in order to increase agricultural productivity. In addition, Union Carbide also agreed that it would use local managers, who would be provided with the necessary skills and management training so that the plant would be truly locally operated. The plant used methyl isocyanides (MIC) gas as part of the production process for the pesticides. MIC is highly toxic and reacts strongly with other agents, including water. Operation of a plant with MIC processes requires detailed monitoring as well as security processes to prevent sabotage. While the plant began operations with high hopes, by 1980 the relationships were strained because the plant was not profitable. Union Carbide had asked the Indian government for permission to close the plant but the government felt the products from the plant as well as the jobs were needed for the Indian economy. Sometime in the early morning hours of December 3, 1984, MIC stored in a tank at the Bhopal plant came in contact with water, and the result was a boiling effect in the tank. The back-up safety systems at the plant, including cooling components for the tanks, did not work. The result was the toxic mixture began to leak and workers at the plant felt a burning sensation in their eyes. The boiling of the water and MIC caused the safety valves on the tank to explode. Following the explosion, the white smoke from the lethal mixture escaped through a smoke stack and began to spread across the area to the city of Bhopal. As the gas spread, it wove its way through the shanty towns that were located near the plant. The occupants of these shanty towns were Bhopal’s poorest. As the gas floated through these makeshift neighborhoods, 3,500 lives were lost and 200,000 were injured. The injuries included blindness, burns, and lesions in the respiratory system. The initial deaths and injuries were followed by long-term health effects. Of the women who were pregnant and exposed to the MIC, one-fourth either miscarried or had babies with birth defects. Children developed chronic respiratory problems. Smaller children who survived the toxic gas were sick for months and, weak from a lack of nutrition and ongoing illnesses, also died. MIC also produced strange boils on the bodies of many residents, boils that could not be healed. The problem of tuberculosis in the area was exacerbated by the lung injuries caused by the leaking MIC. In the year following the accident, the Indian government spent $40 million on food and health care for the Bhopal victims. Warren M. Anderson, Union Carbide’s chairman of the board at the time of the accident, pledged that he would devote the remainder of his career to solving the problems that resulted from the accident. However, by the end of the first year, Mr. Anderson told Business Week, â€Å"I overreacted. Maybe they, early on, thought we’d give the store away. [Now] we’re in litigation mode. I’m not going to roll over and play dead.† Following the accident, Union Carbide’s stock fell 16 points and it became, in the go-go 80s, a takeover target. When GAF Corporation made an offer, Union Carbide incurred $3.3 billion in debt in order to buy 56 percent of its own stock to avert a takeover. Through 1992, Union Carbide remained in a defensive mode as it coped with litigation, takeover attempts, and the actions of the Indian government in seeking to charge officers, including Anderson, with crimes. U.S. lawyers brought suit in the United States against Union Carbide on behalf of hundreds of Bhopal victims, but the case was dismissed because the court lacked jurisdiction over the victims as well as the plant. Union Carbide did settle the case with the Indian government for a payment of $470 million. There were 592,635 claims filed by Bhopal victims. The victims received, on average, about $1,000 each. The ordinary payment from the Indian government, as when a government bus harms an individual, is $130 to $700, depending upon the level of the injury. Individual awards were based on earning capacity, so, for example, widows of the Bhopal accident received $7,000. The Indian government also pursued criminal charges, including against Mr. Anderson. Lawyers for the company and Mr. Anderson continued to fight the charges, largely on the basis that the court had no jurisdiction over Mr. Anderson. However, to be on the safe side, Mr. Anderson did not return to India because of his fear of an arrest. In May 1992, the Indian government seized the plant and its assets and announced the sale of its 50 percent interest in the plant. When the sale occurred and Union Carbide received its share of the proceeds, it contributed $17 million to the Indian government for purposes of constructing a hospital near Bhopal. The plant now makes dry-cell batteries. Following the accident, Union Carbide reduced its workforce by 90 percent. Because of the share purchase, Union Carbide had a debt-to-equity ratio of 80 percent. In addition, the Union Carbide brand was affected by the accident and the company could not seem to gain traction. Dow Chemical would acquire the company in 1999 for $11.6 billion. In 2008, a study revealed that pesticide residues in the water supply for the area surrounding the plant were at levels above permissible ones. There are about 425 tons of wastes buried near the former plant. Advocates continue to appear at Dow shareholder meetings in order to demand clean-up. Dow’s response is, â€Å"As there was never any ownership, there are no responsibility and no liability—for the Bhopal tragedy or its aftermath.† ETHICAL ISSUES In Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation, a one of subsidiaries of Union Carbide Corporation has so many failures in working condition issues such as bad maintenance of the machinery, lack of safety and environmental standard to save money, and also had not concern of the natural environment. Sadly the case was dismissed because the court lacked jurisdiction over the victims as well as the plant. The insufficiency of scientific knowledge is inseparable from the inadequacy of justice. In 1999, Dow Chemical acquired Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation and as publicly owned corporation, the company is unable to accept any responsibility for the Bhopal catastrophe due to share price. Then the government of India sold the company’s assets to construct hospitals near Bhopal to take care the victims. There is dilemmatic problem for Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation, since they knew that the business was not profitable but the Government asked it to run  to support Indian farmers’ productivity and also Indian Economy through the plant. Because of that dilemma, The Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation disregard the Environmental Responsibility to save the money by ignored the work condition issues and keep the business run. KEY PARTIES TO UNETHICAL ISSUES There are four key parties occurred to Bhopal Gas Tragedy. There are: 1.Environments. The ring one which impacted by the tragedy is environment around the pesticide plant. The ring one consists of: (1) civilizations around the pesticide plant – Shanty Towns, and (2) Ecosystems – such as trees, water, and soil. 2.Government of India. The one who is control the environmental issues for industries and business. Government of India responsible to makes the policies to compromise between business and environment safety. 3.Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation (UCIL). The one of subsidiaries of Union Carbide Corporation, who had a business of pesticide plant in India – Bhopal with Indian Management, was responsible because of unfriendly environmental business or we could say that they are not pay attention to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). 4.Union Carbide Corporation. (UCC) The Parent Corporation of Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation. The chairman is the one who is most responsible of the Bhopal Gas Catastrophe. The chairman name is Anderson, he arranged with the government of India to build the pesticide plant. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO UNETHICAL ISSUES Attempts to reduce expenses affected the Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation’s (UCIL) employees and their conditions, they did several things below: 1.Less stringent quality control and thus looser safety rules; 2.Less training in controlled the factory. It means the employee didn’t exactly know what to do and what not to do; 3.Promotions were halted. It seriously affecting the employee morale and driving the skilled employee finding another job/factory. 4.Workers were forced to use English Manuals Book, while only a few of the employee had a grasp of the language. Because of that situation, UCIL affecting several situations such as: 1.The MIC tank alarms had not worked for four years.   2.There was only one manual back-up system, compared to a four-stage system used in the United States. 3.The flare tower and several vent gas scrubbers had been out of service for five months before the disaster. Only one gas scrubber was operating: it could not treat such a large amount of MIC with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), which would have brought the concentration down to a safe level. The flare tower could only handle a quarter of the gas that leaked in 1984, and moreover it was out of order at the time of the incident. 4.To reduce energy costs, the refrigeration system was idle. The MIC was kept at 20 degrees Celsius, not the 4.5 degrees advised by the manual. 5.The steam boiler, intended to clean the pipes, was out of action for unknown reasons. 6.Slip-blind plates that would have prevented water from pipes being cleaned from leaking into the MIC tanks through faulty valves were not installed. Their installation had been omitted from the cleaning checklist. 7.The water pressure was too weak to spray the escaping gases from the stack. They could not spray high enough to reduce the concentration of escaping gas. 8.According to the operators, the MIC tank pressure gauge had been malfunctioning for roughly a week. Other tanks were used, rather than repairing the gauge. The build-up in temperature and pressure is believed to have affected the magnitude of the gas release. UCC investigation studies have disputed this hypothesis. 9.Carbon steel valves were used at the factory, even though they corrode when exposed to acid. 10.UCC admitted in their own investigation report that most of the safety systems were not functioning on the night of December 3, 1984. 11.The design of the MIC plant, following government guidelines, was â€Å"Indianized† by UCIL engineers to maximize the use of indigenous materials and products. Mumbai-based Humphreys and Glasgow Consultants PVT. Ltd. were the main  consultants, Larsen & Toubro fabricated the MIC storage tanks, and Taylor of India Ltd. provided the instrumentation. Besides that, there were also serious communication problems and management gaps between Union Carbide Corporation and its Indian operation. OPTIONS TO FINISH THE UNETHICAL ISSUES Anderson at the very start should have a feasibility study and environmental study for build up Bhopal Union Carbide Corporation, pesticide plant in India, to calculate the requirement of the plants related to India’s demand of pesticide and environment safety. If the plant is already built and it’s not profitable, Anderson should have closed the plant. But because of the Government demand to support the Indian Economy, Anderson should have to negotiate the government of India to take the plant as India’s state-owned company. So basically, all of the operational requirement will be the problems of India’s Government. Since Bhopal Gas Tragedy was already happened in India, there are few options to take the unethical issues done: 1.Union Carbide Corporations’ Chairman, Anderson, have to solve all of the problems causes by Bhopal Carbide Corporation’s Operation mistakes. It may take a lot of money to gather consultant and built infrastructure to help the victims such as Rehabilitation Center, Hospital, and also the compensation since the disaster begins would shut down the economics around the plant. 2.Anderson can also ask the India’s Government to contribute in solving all of the problems causes by Bhopal Carbide Corporation’s Operation mistakes since the Government of India was asked of helps to support Indian Economy and didn’t have regulation for Safety of Industrial policies. 3.Anderson use Point 2 plus ask the international media to regain his name due to the bad Indian management which â€Å"Indianized† U.S. Industrial safety  to environment. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1.Should the Bhopal plant have been operated using U.S. safety and environmental standards? As a company operating outside the country, American Union Carbide Corporation should apply a U.S. safety and environmental standards because country where they operate (India) has not implemented a safety and environmental standard. The company should apply with the more strictly standard. In 1973, the Indian parliament had passed the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), which aimed to increase state control over foreign business ventures. The act reduced the amount of equity that a foreign corporation could provide to any given project, in order to dilute foreign ownership of Indian-based firms. The bill also strongly encouraged the transfer of proprietary production technology to Indian firms, rather than just the formulation and sale of products, so that it could lay the groundwork for eventually nationalizing such technologies. In the case of the Bhopal plant however, UCC wanted to retain control of both the project and the technologies they had invented. While FERA did not allow foreign corporations to be the majority stakeholder in a project, an exception was made for UCC on the grounds that it was bringing in â€Å"special technology.† In order to retain their 50.9 percent stake in the undertaking, UCC cut the cost of construction from $28 million to $20 million dollars, primarily by using substandard technology and cheaper materials. Although UCC claims that its plant in Bhopal was built to the same safety specifications as its American facilities, when it was finally constructed there were at least eleven significant differences in safety and maintenance policies between the Bhopal factory and its sister facility in Institute, West Virginia. For example, the West Virginia plant had an emergency plan,  computer monitoring, and used inert chloroform for cooling their MIC tanks. Bhopal had no emergency plan, no computer monitoring, and used brine, a substance that may dangerously react with MIC, for its cooling system. The Union Carbide Karamchari Sangh (Workers’ Union), a union of Bhopal workers that formed in the early 1980s, recognized the dangers at the factory but their agitation for safer conditions produced no changes. 2.What would the U.S. policy be on the shanty towns? 3.Should the case have been moved to the United States for recover? Since Anderson is American, and the 51% shares of UCIL was owned by UCC in U.S. (categorized as Foreign Direct Investment), it should have been an U.S. – India issues to recover. With U.S. recovery helps, it will create a good relationship between U.S. and India. And probably the industry owned by U.S. citizen will trusted more by Indian. 4.List all of the costs of the accident to Union Carbide. It is estimated 100,000 to 200,000 people have permanent injuries. Reported symptoms are eye problems, respiratory difficulties, immune and neurological disorders, cardiac failure secondary to lung injury, female reproductive difficulties and birth defects among children born to affected women. The Indian Government and UCC deny permanent injuries were caused by MIC or the other gases. The gas cloud was composed mainly of materials denser than the surrounding air, stayed close to the ground and spread outwards through the surrounding community. The initial effects of exposure were coughing, vomiting, severe eye irritation and a feeling of suffocation. People awakened by these symptoms fled away from the plant. Those who ran inhaled more than those who had a vehicle to ride. Owing to their height, children and other people of shorter stature inhaled higher concentrations. Many people were trampled trying to escape. A total of 36 wards were marked by the authorities as being â€Å"gas affected†, affecting a population of 520,000. Of these, 200,000 were below 15 years of age, and 3,000 were pregnant women. In 1991, 3,928 deaths had been certified. Independent organizations recorded 8,000 dead in the first days. Other estimations vary between 10,000 and 30,000. Another 100,000 to 200,000 people are estimated to have permanent injuries of different degrees.

Examining The Relationship Between Stock Prices And Dividend Payments Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1380 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This research investigates whether there exists a relationship between share prices and dividend payments of world stock indices during January 1977 to December 2009 time period. Majority of financial books point out that in a well functioning capital market these two variables should be related (Brealey and Meyers 1986); the present value of the share should be equal to the dividend stream discounted by the return earned on securities of a comparable risk.footnote Furthermore stock market studies indicate that share prices increase respond to dividend news; dividend increases tend to be associated with share price increases while dividend cuts are usually associated with share price falls (Petit,1972; Ahrony and Sway, 1980). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining The Relationship Between Stock Prices And Dividend Payments Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In determining whether stock prices and dividends are co integrated, a large amount of empirical research have used co integration techniques . This research paper investigates if a long run relationship exists between share price and dividend of 11 global market indices. Talk about world stock indices Using the above empirical framework, this research will test Ho: No long run relationship between stock prices and dividends H1 : Long run relationship. As per outline estimation method,research wil fail to reject the null if is non ststionary and reject null if it is stationary . In case of rejection of the null hypothesis we can conclude that there exists a long run relationship between hare price and their dividend payments. The use of the cointegration technique has become widely used to test present value models for stock prices. According to this model, stock prices are fundamentally determined by the discounted value of their future dividends, which derive their value from future expected earning (Campbell, Lo Mackinlay, 1997) . LITERATURE REVIEW 3. METHODOLOGY 4. DATA DESCRIPTION AND COUNTRY INFORMATION There are eight countries with their major stock indices included in this sample, of which there are 5 European countries and their major stock index (United Kingdom FTSE100, Belgium BEL 20, Netherlands AEX Index, Spain IBEX 35 and Germany DAX 30), one Asian country and its stock index (Hong Kong Hang Seng Index) and two countries from the Americas, namely United States of America and its 4 stock indices (SP 500, DJIA 30, NASDAQ 100 and SP 100), the other country being Canada with its stock index ( SP/ TSX 60). Other world stock indices according to the Datastream database in August 2010 where considered for this research, but because Datastream did not have complete dividend payments , only 11 world stock indices which had complete stock price information and dividend data were considered for the study. We analyse the monthly data for 2 variables, the stock price index (Pt) and Dividend payments (Dt) taken from DataStream, with each index having a varying time period or time range. This sample of data is biased towards developed countries, since with stock indices, dividend data can be easily acquired to study the long run relationship between stock prices and dividends by analysing the worlds major stock indices, other than just analysing one index or stock. For each stock index, the annual stock price and dividend payment information was obtained from DataStream, The stock price indices and dividends were deflated by the consumer price index (CPI) and this data was then analysed to determine if a long run relationship exists between real stock prices and real stock dividends using the PANEL COINTEGRATION methodology for a panel data set. each index has a varying sample period as shown in table 1 below:- The countries and their respective stock market indices in the sample were selected primarily on the basis of data availability, in terms stock prices and dividend payments Table 1 shows: ÂÂ   DATA INFORMATION ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Continent Country Stock Index Sample Range Period (Years) America USA SP 500 January 1977 December 2007 30 Years ÂÂ   ÂÂ   DJIA 30 March 1978 December 2007 29 Years ÂÂ   ÂÂ   NASDAQ 100 October 1985 -December 2007 22 Years ÂÂ   ÂÂ   SP 100 April 1999 December 2009 10 Years Europe UK FTSE 100 January 1986 December 2007 21 Years Europe BELGIUM BEL 20 May 1991 December 2009 18 Years N.America CANADA SP/TSX60 February 2002 December 2009 7 Years Europe NETHERLANDS AEX INDEX February 1992 December 2007 15 Years Europe SPAIN IBEX 35 December1990 December 2007 17 Years Asia HONG KONG HANGSENG December 1986 December 2007 21 Years Europe GERMANY DAX 30 November 1990 December 2007 17 Years Table .1 provides summary information for the stock price index , the empirical analysis focuses on the stock indices mentioned above. REFERENCES [1] Ahrony,J and I . Sway (1980),Quartely dividend and earnings announcements and stockholders returns : an empirical analysis, Journal of Finance, Vol.35,pp1-12 [1] Brealey,R, . A and S.C.Meyers (1986), Principles of Corporate Finance, McGraw Hill, London. [2] Bong Soo Lee, Co-movements of earnings, dividends and stock prices. [3] Campbell, J. Y, and R. Shiller (1987) Cointegration and tests of present value models, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 95, pp. 1062 1088. [4] Campbell, J. Y and Shiller (1988) Stock Prices, earnings and expected dividends, Journal of Finance, 43, 661 676. [5] Campbell, J. Y and Shiller (1989) The dividend ratio model and small sample bias: a Monte Carlo study, Economics Letters, Vol.29, pp.325-331. [6] Campbell JY, Lo AW, Mackinlay AC (1997) , The econometrics of financial markets, Princeton University Press , Princeton. [ ] Engle, Robert and Granger, C, W. J., (1987), Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrics, 55, 251 276. [7] Kao, C.(1999) Spurious regression and residual based tests for Cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44. [8] Kwiatkowski D, Phillips PCB, Schmidt P, Shin Y (1992), Testing the null hypothesis of stationary against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics 54:159 178. [9] K.S., M.H.Pesaran, and Y. Shin (1997) Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels, mimeo, University of Cambridge, December 1997. [10] Levin, A. and C.F. Lin (1992) Unit root tests in Panel data: asymptotic and finite sample properties, mimeo, University of California, San Diego, May 1992. [11] Levin, A. and C.F. Lin (1993) Unit root tests in Panel data: asymptotic and finite sample properties, mimeo, University of California, San Diego, December 1993. [12] Levin, A., Lin C.F. and Chu J. (2002), Unit root in panel data: Asymptotic and finite sample Properties , Journal of Econometrics, 108 (1), 1-24. [13] MacDonald, R. and D.M. Power (1995) Stock prices, dividends and retentions, Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol.2 pp. 135-151. [14] MacDonald, R. and I.W. Marsh (1997) A forward premium puzzle and the power of the panel, mimeo, University of Strathclyde. [15] MacKinnon, J.G (1991) Critical Values for Cointegration tests, In Long -run Economic Relationships, R.F. Engle and C.W.J. Granger (eds.), Oxford University Press: Oxford. [ ] Maddala, G.S. and S. Wu (1999). Comparative Study of Unit root Tests with Panel Data and a N [16] Pascal Mazodier (1979) Review of the Econometrics of Panel Data , Economic Journal 89, 999-1001 [17] Pedroni, P. (1995) Panel Cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis , Indiana University Working Paper, Number 95-013, June. [18] Pedroni, P. (1996) Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels and the case of purchasing power parity , Indiana University Working Paper Number 96-020. [19] Pesaran, M. H. and Smith, R. (1995), estimating long -run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 79- 113. [20] Petit, R.R . (1972) Dividend announcements,security performance and capital market efficiency, Journal of Finance, Vol.27 , pp. 993 -1007. [20] Phillips, P.C.B and S.Ouliaris (1986) Testing for Cointegration, Yale University Discussion Paper Number 809. [21] R. Engle and C.W.J. Granger (1991), Long run economic relations: Readings in Cointegration, Oxford University Press. [22] Shiller, R. (1981) Do stock prices move too much to be justified by subsequent changes in dividend? American Economics Review, Vol. 71, pp. 421 436. [23] Sheng, S. L. and Chang, U. C . 2000 Testing the Existence of Speculative Bubbles in Stock Price of Financial Industry . Journal of Industry Economics ,106, 109-143. Fig .2 . This shows the line graph representation of the closing stock prices of the DJIA index. It shows that from 1994 the prices of the DJIA index stocks have been steadily rising, showing a continuous trend in the year 2000. Fig.3 Fig.3 . This shows the histogram representation of the closing stock prices of the DJIA index, it shows the mean 7329.240, kurtosis 1.563437 and the Jarque Bera test 152.5889. Returns of the DJIA INDEX. Fig.4 Fig. 4 shows the line graph, showing stationarity in the returns of the DJIA index .